Monday, January 23, 2017

Voice Loss (Part Two)




In the first part of this article, we understand how our voice is produced, and in simple terms, how we lose our voice. Losing our voice is a problem for anyone as we are always communicating our wishes, dreams, love and needs to others.

So what can we do if we lose our voice? Firstly, we should not panic as common things happen commonly, and the commonest cause by far, is an acute viral laryngitis. The swelling from acute laryngitis is usually maximal at three days, after which the swelling subsides gradually, and the voice gradually returns to normal. During the inflamed phase, sufferers are best advised not to use their voice, as continuing voice use could damage and permanently scar the vocal cord lining. This scarring could result in a permanent hoarse voice by impairing the movement of the mucosal lining over the vocal ligaments.

Losing one’s voice is not unusual at all and most voices recover very quickly. If our voice doesn’t return to normal and you remain hoarse beyond three weeks, medical attention to make a diagnosis and to prevent long term irreversible damage would be recommended. Your ENT Surgeon can easily inspect your voice box by performing a flexible endoscopic examination of the larynx. So what conditions can cause chronic loss of voice that can be seen by endoscopy?

A growth on one or both vocal cords can prevent optimal closure of the cords. Excess air then leaks through the gap and voice production is impaired in terms of quality as well as intensity of the voice. Commonly the early formation of vocal cord nodules is the cause. Two non-cancerous thickening of the vocal cords on exactly opposite vocal cord surfaces prevent the cords from coming together well. With the leak, the voice is lost, and we try even harder to produce a voice by speaking louder. This means that the nodules can get bigger, and the hoarseness continues. Treatment here is primarily by speech therapy to re-educate the user how to use their voice better like a singer. If the nodules are too large and /or speech therapy has not worked, then phonosurgery to trim away the nodules may be necessary. If a growth is seen only on one vocal cord, then early surgery may be necessary to exclude cancer. Here the lesion is examined close up, excised and sent for testing. If it is cancerous, then follow up treatment protocols will be advised. However if the lesion looks like a cyst or a polyp under close up endoscopic examination during surgery, the lesion is removed with gentle and careful preservation of the vocal cord lining. This is called phonosurgery and requires great skill. The removal of the lesion is both diagnostic (as we sent the lesion for testing to know what it is) as well as also therapeutic (as the hoarse voice is treated as well)

A total loss of one’s voice is a catastrophe. This is unusual but it happens when one of the two vocal cords is paralysed. They are unable to meet in the midline, the gap is left wide open and therefore no turbulence or voice can be made. The cause here is damage to the nerve that moves the vocal cord. This nerve travels from our brain, down our neck pass our thyroid gland and even as far down as our lung, before turning around to innervate our voice box, one on each side. Cancer in the neck, lung cancer, strokes, penetrating trauma and surgery to the neck and thyroid are the usual causes that damage this nerve. If this is the case and recovery is not forthcoming, the voice can be improved by surgical treatment that pushes the affected cord to the center to a “closed” position. By re-siting the affected vocal cord to the midline “closed” position, surgeons allow the voice to be reproduced again when the normally functioning opposite vocal cord moves and easily close the gap. Rushing air from the lung re-vibrates the cords once again, turbulence of the air is produced and a voice is regenerated again. This particular treatment is important for these paralyzed vocal cords sufferers, as aside from a more normal voice, upper body strength is improved with an improved cough to maintain a clean and sputum free lung.

Remember, our voice is important and most loss of voice conditions are mild, short-lasting with full recovery. A persistent hoarse voice should not be regarded as normal as diagnosis is easily made with endoscopy in a clinic setting. Timely treatment ensures a good quality strong voice either by medication, speech therapy, surgery or all a combination of treatment to suit the problem.

Dr Gordon Soo, The ENTific Centre





Reference: Entific.com.hk/voice-loss-treatment.html
The information aims to provide educational purpose only. Anyone reading it should consult ENT Specialists before considering treatment and should not rely on the information above.

Monday, January 16, 2017

Voice Loss (Part One)

Humans are social beings. We communicate with others using our voice as well as body language. So it naturally becomes a problem when we lose our voice.

We make our voice in our larynx. Here sit two ligaments called vocal cords, that are joined together in the front and sit apart at the back, like an open “V”. The vocal cords are covered with a soft mucosa lining, and lie horizontally immediately above our windpipe, acting as two guards protecting our airway.

So how do these two vocal cords make a voice? We need two things to occur for sound to be made. First the two vocal cords are brought together by a muscle, and at the same time, air from our lung is expelled through these closed cords. The air passing through our cords cause the mucosa covering to vibrate, and hence a sound (voice) is made. 

The pitch of this sound, our voice, is changed by other muscles tightening or relaxing the tension of the vocal ligaments. When the vocal ligaments are tightened, the voice becomes higher pitched, like when we strum a tightly stretched guitar string to create a higher note. For a lower tone sound, the tension is reduced, and a lower, more bass voice is produced. The voice of children, adult males and adult females also vary due to the size of the vocal cords and the “laryngeal” box that it sits in. 

A shorter vocal cord in a smaller box as in children produce a shriller, high tone voice whilst at the other extreme, a longer vocal cord in a bigger box of an adult male produces a deeper voice. Here the analogy is that of a child ukulele as compared to an adult double bass. The female adult voice is somewhere in between. So that is how the voice is made. Speech and language which strings sounds together to form words is different. Speech that form words of what we want to say, in the form of phonetics as well as the tone in tonal languages like Putonghua and Cantonese, comes from movements of our tongue above our voice box.

So how do we lose our voice? The commonest cause is an acute inflammation of our larynx (acute laryngitis) e.g. when we catch the flu. The lining of the vocal cords become swollen, inflamed and stiff and the inflammation causes pain when we try to speak. As air passes through the cords, the vibration is impaired. Making a sound is difficult as well as painful, and the voice changes to a very hoarse rasp or total loss altogether.


Another way that voice production can be impaired is if there is a growth on a vocal cord that prevents both the vocal cords from coming together perfectly. Conditions that could do this are e.g. cancer of the vocal cords commonly seen in smokers. These growths tents open the gap between the cords, and allows air to leak through the gap, making voice production inefficient at best, and sometimes impossible at worst.

The ultimate voice loss occurs when the vocal cords cannot come together. This is definitely an uncommon condition. We need both vocal cords to vibrate to make a sound. When one of the vocal cords cannot be drawn close, the gap between the vocal cord is too wide for turbulence of the air, and therefore sound, to made by the passing air. It is the same as when we try to whistle. We can only make a whistle with “closed” lips and not an “open” mouth. Here the reasons why a cord cannot “close” is usually due to damage to the nerve that supplies the “closing” muscle of that vocal cord.

To lose one’s voice is not unusual at all and most voices recover very quickly. However, a persistent hoarse voice or loss of voice for more than three weeks is not normal. If this continues, further medical attention for a diagnosis would normally be advised.
 .......cont'l

Dr Gordon Soo, The ENTific Centre
 

 






The information aims to provide educational purpose only. Anyone reading it should consult ENT Specialists before considering treatment and should not rely on the information above.

Monday, January 9, 2017

鼻竇炎的病因




透過上期文章,相信大家已知道鼻竇炎的治療方法,但預防勝於治療,今期將解說鼻竇炎的病因,希望讀者對此病有更多的了解。

鼻竇是鼻腔旁邊及頭顱骨內的多處空間,位於前額內的空間稱為「額竇」,而面額內的上額骨中的空間名為「上頜竇」。另外,鼻樑骨後有很多細小空間,它們分別稱為「篩竇」及「蝶竇」。鼻竇的出入口全部與鼻腔相連,在正常情況下鼻竇的分泌物會引流到鼻腔中,然後再流到後面的鼻咽,經吞嚥到達腸胃。

鼻竇炎是泛旨鼻竇黏膜有發炎情況,主要分為急性和慢性鼻竇炎兩大類。其分別在於病徵持續期長與短,通常以三個月為分界線,若持續時間少於三個月屬於急性,而多於三個月以上則為慢性。此分類法基於兩者的病因、病徵、治療的方法及治療的效果都有所不同。

急性鼻竇炎成因大多由感冒引起。當上呼吸道受到感染時,鼻膜會出現腫脹。此時,有可能導致鼻竇出口阻塞,影響鼻竇暢通,令鼻竇內的分泌物無法正常排出,再加上細菌侵入,引發鼻竇炎。其次是因分隔兩邊鼻腔的鼻中隔骨偏斜到其中一方,使鼻竇出口阻塞,引致上述情況。

此外,因蛀牙而導致急性鼻竇炎亦是一個經常被遺忘的病因。事實上,牙齒(特別是大牙的牙根) 跟上頜竇的底部非常接近,甚至有些人天生的牙根已輕微伸延至鼻竇內。因此,若有蛀牙或細菌感染時,很大機會會擴散至上頜竇,引致急性鼻竇炎。還有,急性鼻竇炎通常是單邊鼻竇受到影響,患者會單邊鼻塞,鼻涕量多、鼻水倒流及輕微流鼻血情況。另外,不同鼻竇發炎其疼痛的位置亦不同,如上頜竇發炎,臉頰會出現痛楚;而額竇發炎則會出現額頭痛。

至於慢性鼻竇炎通常是兩邊同時受到影響,患者出現兩邊鼻塞、流鼻涕及味覺可能受到影響,但一般情況下,嚴重性較急性為低。目前為止,慢性鼻竇炎的主因仍未確定,但有多份醫學研究顯示,慢性鼻竇炎跟鼻腔內局部性敏感反應有關。



耳鼻喉專科 李立言醫生





資料來源:www.entific.com.hk
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Tuesday, January 3, 2017

甲狀腺舌骨囊腫



人體的甲狀腺是源於舌根位置的軟組織,這些軟組織在胚胎形成時由舌根轉移至喉嚨甲狀腺軟骨,此轉移管道通常會被身體吸收並於胚胎的第10週時消失。若它沒有消失,便會殘留在頸部並形成甲狀腺舌骨囊腫 (Thyroglossal Duct Cyst,簡稱TGDC)。雖然它屬於先天性的缺陷,但往往是在後天發現,亦可發生於任何年齡及性別的人士身上,而男女的發病率比例相若。

甲狀腺舌骨囊腫一般位於頸部上方的中線位置,其質地柔軟、呈圓形及邊緣界線清楚。因囊腫與舌根相連,因此它會隨著舌頭活動時而移動。

最常見的症狀是頸部中線位置腫脹,使患者在吞嚥時感到不適。如囊腫受到感染而發炎,便會有疼痛及形成膿瘡。大部份的甲狀腺舌骨囊腫均屬良性,然而亦有部份囊腫病變成惡性腫瘤,形成癌症。

若懷疑患上甲狀腺舌骨囊腫,醫生除利用超聲波掃描外,亦會進行穿刺抽取細胞檢查(Fine Needle Aspiration),以排除其他疾病(如脂肪瘤、淋巴結或惡性腫瘤)的可能性。此外,醫生亦會建議病人進行切除手術,避免囊腫持續擴大, 受到感染或增加病變的機會。若囊腫已受到感染,病人需要在手術前先進行抗生素治療。

治療方面,於1920年首次出現名為Sistrunk 程序的切除手術,現今已成為外科醫生處理甲狀舌骨囊腫的標準手術方法。在此以前,因大家對甲狀腺舌骨囊腫與胚胎學的形成認知不足,手術後的復發率較高。Sistrunk 程序除了切除囊腫外,也涉及切除甲狀舌管和伴隨的舌骨中段,醫生均會一併切除,以減低復發的機會。

這是由於甲狀舌骨囊腫連結甲狀舌骨管道,甲狀舌骨管道必須一併清除以防止囊腫的復發,然而甲狀舌骨管道在解剖位置上與舌骨有密切的關係,試圖去將甲狀舌骨管道與舌骨分離,在技術上是相當困難。因此切除一部分舌根的軟組織連同舌骨的中央部分及囊腫,似乎是將甲狀舌骨囊腫連同其管道一併清除的最好方式。



耳鼻喉專科 陳慶生醫生



資料來源:www.entific.com.hk
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Wednesday, December 28, 2016

耳膜修補手術




在進行耳膜手術前需進行聽力檢查,檢查聽力受損的程度。一般來説,大面積的耳膜穿孔,以及中耳骨受損的話,聽力受損會比較嚴重。手術方法則要視乎病人的情況。如穿孔面積很小,如針孔一般(Pinhole Perforation),醫生會在患者耳後抽取脂肪粒,填補穿孔位置(Fat Plug Myringoplasty),讓其自然癒合。

一般而言,成人只需局部麻醉便可。若穿孔面積達耳膜的二至三成,則要在耳道前開一道約1厘米左右的切口(Endaural split),取出顳肌膜(Temporalis Fascia)填補耳膜。事實上,由於耳膜穿孔邊上的三層組織會因黏連在一起令穿孔不能癒合,因此手術時醫生會先把穿孔邊上的粘連切掉,才在耳膜底部填上顳肌膜作支撐。手術後患者需有充足的休息及暫時不能乘搭飛機。大部分患者在一至二個月內便可痊癒,而此手術的成功率高達八成半。

然而,若穿孔面積大,至7至8成或以上,則需在耳後開一道切口(Post-Aural Incision)進行耳膜修補手術。其方法跟上述一樣,但所用的時間較長及傷口會較大,由於傷口在耳殼後面不容易看見的位置,因此不會影響外觀。手術後一天需在傷口上敷上紗布及用綳帶壓住,以防止滲血的情況。一般術後7天便可拆線及拆除耳道内的敷料。


最後,在修補耳膜時,醫生亦會為病人檢查中耳骨的情況,因中耳內共有三個互相連接的耳骨(Ossicles),以幫助聲音傳入內耳。因此若耳骨移位或碎裂,便會導致傳導性失聰(Conductive Hearing Loss)。情況較耳膜穿孔更嚴重。

在不能修復的情況下,便需要做耳骨重整手術(Ossiculoplasty),以人工耳骨替代原來耳骨,使耳朵系統(聲音傳遞鏈 – Ossicular Chain)得以收復,從而改善聽力。痊癒期需兩至三個月,若效果理想,病人的聽力會接近正常。重要一提,修補好耳膜後,外耳及中耳被隔開,便可避免因沾水而增加患上中耳炎的風險。要知道中耳炎嚴重者,會有機會誘發併發症如腦膜炎、腦膿腫等,危及生命。因此大家要好好保護耳朵。






資料來源: www.entific.com.hk/eardrum-surgery.html
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Monday, December 19, 2016

耳膜破裂原因



導致耳膜受損的成因眾多,最常見的是採耳(俗稱挖耳)或是耳朵受到巨大的撞擊,令耳膜受損。

先說採耳,常有病人問應使用那些採耳用具較為安全? 事實上,耳垢是耳道內脫落的皮膚、分泌物及毛髮堆積而成的,它會隨著皮膚生長由內向外推出,並排出外耳道,所以我們並不需要採耳,當耳垢排出外耳道時清潔便可。而坊間最常用的採耳用具如棉花條及耳挖,兩者均有弊處。前者因體積太大,在使用時容易將耳垢往耳膜方內推,日積月慮下耳垢便不容易排出,嚴重時更需要醫生清理。而耳挖則較少出現上述情況,但因體形尖硬的關係,較容易挖損耳朵,而相比棉花條,耳挖亦較易刺穿耳膜。


至於強大的撞擊或壓力會令耳膜穿破。例如跳水時耳朵衝入水裡,耳膜有機會受到水的撞擊而穿破;又或是乘坐飛機時有部分人士會感到耳鳴或耳痛(特別在於感冒前後),這是由於連接中耳與鼻腔的耳咽管受到阻塞,中耳平衡失調在壓力下導致耳鳴或耳痛,期間有人會透過反壓動作以解決問題(即按住鼻翼同時用力呼氣,讓耳咽管打開),但有時效果不然,反而會因用力過度導致耳膜破損。


如何得知耳膜破損?

不少人誤以為耳膜受損會即時失去聽覺,事實並不然。不過耳膜的傳聲能力會因而減低,聽覺能力減弱,其程度要視乎穿孔的大小。小則降低約2成聽力;大則降低3至5成不等,此情況稱為傳導性失聰(Conductive Hearing Loss)。一般來說,這並不是失去聽覺。當然,極大撞擊如車禍所造成的耳膜穿破、耳骨鬆落及神經線受損等,其失聰程度會更為嚴重。另外,其他症狀包括排出分泌(如血水)、耳鳴、耳內有風聲(氣流通經過耳膜穿孔的聲音)、微痛及頭暈等。

若不幸耳膜受損,應立即求醫。醫生會因應成因作出適當的治療。若成因是採耳,醫生除清理外耳道的耳垢外,亦會向病人使用抗生素滴耳藥水,以避免中耳及耳膜受細菌感染而發炎。一般情況下,耳膜就像人體的皮膚般可自然癒合,但如是中耳發炎,則加劇聽力受損及引起併發症,而耳膜發炎使傷口難以癒合。因此,避免發炎是非常重要的。治療後,觀察期一般為3個月,期間要小心保護耳朵,避免沾水及採耳,和使用醫生處方的滴耳藥水等。若3個月後情況沒有改善,便需要進行手術治療。





資料來源: www.entific.com.hk/eardrum-upture.html
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Monday, December 12, 2016

眼袋煩惱

閱讀這篇文章前,請先回想一下,過去24小時內,
你讓眼睛「真正」休息的時間,共有多久?
 
 



隨著科技愈趨發達,大液晶體電視、手提電腦、手提遊戲機等,已在我們的生活中,佔據著極重要的位置。當連一部小小手機也可上網看電影時,整形外科醫生已不難料到,大眼袋問題只會愈來愈普及,患者愈來愈年輕。

眼袋其實是一團圍繞在眼球與眼眶骨之間的脂肪團,人人皆有,但除了年齡增長令眼皮皮膚肌肉逐漸鬆馳,導致脂肪團逐漸向前移位,在眼皮對下位置逐漸形成明顯腫起的眼袋外,因眼睛過勞缺乏休息,使皮內肌肉組織鬆馳,加上面頰因骨膠原流失而漸變單薄,也會令眼袋更顯眼。

治 療方面,有兩大主流方案,其一是以激光在眼內結膜割出一個微細切口,再於眼袋內消除脂肪 ,如週邊皮膚已經太鬆弛,可以再進行切除收緊手街 ,外科手術能 明顯地改善眼袋問題。另一方面,醫生亦可視乎情況,選擇以非創傷性的治療,例如以透明質酸填充物注射療程「填平」淚溝,又或以膠原促生注射療程(聚左乳 酸)「豐滿」面頰,也可以減少眼袋在淚溝造成的陰影。

當然,在接受治療以後,各位還是要維持充足睡眠,每天忙碌工作時,亦要定時讓眼睛有機會放鬆,否則大眼袋問題很容易「死灰復燃」。
 
 
 
資料來源: www.entific.com.hk  
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Monday, December 5, 2016

鼻腔灌洗法 - 洗鼻的原因,洗鼻過程


需要洗鼻的原因:

  • 一些嚴重鼻敏感的病人有大量積液引致鼻塞。
  •  病人於鼻腔及鼻竇手術後,鼻液和血塊,積聚於鼻腔內,引致阻塞。
  •  病人在接受頭頸區放射治療時,鼻黏膜容易受感染而導致鼻液積聚,因此需定時清洗鼻腔減少黏膜發炎機會。


所需用品:

  • 1公升沸水加入兩茶匙餐桌鹽待水温和暖後方可使用。
  • 20亳升(無針咀) 針筒。
  •   器皿一個(如小血) ,用於洗鼻後盛載從鼻腔流出的水。


洗鼻過程:


1.          病人可坐下或站立,用針筒注洗器將温暖的鹽水從不同角度,慢慢注入鼻內,使鼻腔內不同位置都可被沖洗。

2.          當水流進喉部時,將水吐出。注意吐出的水是否混濁或有沉殿物質。如有混濁,應重複灌洗直至到流出的水清澈。

3.          建議每天洗鼻至少2次,通常早及晚。若分泌物多時,建議早、午及晚清洗。

4.          噴鼻藥應在洗鼻後使用(如有需要)




注意事項:

  • 用和暖的鹽水(使用前請先試水温)
  • 洗鼻時請停止說話及呼吸。
  • 咳嗽和打噴嚏時,請停止洗鼻。
  • 患有中耳炎或急性上呼吸道感染時不宜洗鼻。
  •  已開盬水可存放48小時。





參考資料: www.entific.com.hk
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Monday, November 28, 2016

概括非腫瘤性唾液腺疾病 (下)



上期我們介紹了唾液腺的功能及相關的毛病。今期我會繼續談及其他常見的唾液腺疾病,如唾液腺結石。

結石的成因尚不肯定,但有可能跟唾液分泌減少和口腔受細菌感染有關,而唾液腺結石與膽石和腎石則沒有直接關係。結石所引致的病徵取決於結石的大小,較小的結石會導致短暫口水腺管閉塞後自然排出,受影響的唾液腺會有短暫的疼痛和腫脹,甚致沒有任何症狀。但若是體積較大的結石,則會困在腺管內,導致口水不能排出而引起持續疼痛和腫脹,因為進食會刺激唾液分泌,所以大多數患者會在用餐時感到唾液腺腫脹和疼痛,而累積的口水則會在數小時後被身體慢慢吸收。

然而,被困的結石會引致唾液腺復發性感染,累積而靜止的唾液會形成更多結石,持續的發炎和感染會導致口水腺管收窄、唾液腺萎縮及失去功能。因此,要找出結石的位置十分重要,X光檢查是最方便及傳統的方法,但很多腮腺結石是不能從X光檢查中看到的。現時,超聲波掃描已逐漸取代X光成為可靠的第一綫診斷方法,它可以確定結石的位置和大小,同時亦可檢測唾液腺其他病理如腫瘤。

在去除結石方面,傳統上在腺管淺層的結石是通過切開口腔粘膜,打開唾液腺管,然後將結石移除。可是,要根治更深入的結石,則需要手術切除整個腺體。當然,外科手術是存在一定的風險,其中神經綫損傷是最嚴重的後遺症。

隨著內窺鏡技術的不斷演進,醫生現在可以將一枝3至4毫米的唾液腺內窺鏡放入唾液腺導管內,它可以看到一些超聲波掃描錯過了的細微管道病變,繼而進行精確的微創手術。手術前可進行局部麻醉,醫生會在導管出口做一個微小切口,然後放入專門設計的內窺鏡,以目視檢查整個管道,找出並經內窺鏡管道治療結石或管道收窄,結石可通過一個專門設計的籃子和鑷子去取出,而較大的結石則需要以激光碎石後取出。取出結石後,醫生會檢查管道末端是否同時存在多粒結石或管道收窄,而狹窄的管道可以特殊的氣球把它擴張。

唾液腺內窺鏡正逐步取代其他影像學檢查,成為診斷和治療唾液腺阻塞性疾病的首選療法,單獨或結合外科手術,可避免很多不必要的高風險唾液腺切除手術。



耳鼻喉專科  陳慶生醫生





資料來源:www.entific.com.hk
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Monday, November 21, 2016

概括非腫瘤性唾液腺疾病 (上)




我們很少留意自己的唾液腺,但千萬不要小看這幾個腺體的功能。人有三對唾液腺,又名口水腺,分別為腮腺、頷下腺和舌下腺。腮腺位於耳珠下方,頷下腺位於下巴骨的下方,而舌下腺則位於口腔內舌下的位置。我們的唾液腺每天分泌1.5升唾液 / 口水。唾液大部分成份是水,其它成份包括消化酵素、生長因子、殺菌酵素和免疫球蛋白。其功能包括保持口腔衛生、幫助牙齒健康、提升味覺感應、協助吞嚥及消化、提高對聲音的敏銳度和咬字發音的清晰度。若唾液因病而分泌不足,便會導致口臭、蛀牙、口腔潰瘍、說話及吞嚥困難。

常見的非腫瘤性唾液腺疾病包括腮腺炎、口乾症和唾液腺結石。急性腮腺炎又名“生痄腮”,通常影響耳朵下方的腮腺,它通常由病毒感染而引起。在有腮腺炎疫苗接種的年代以前,這是一種常見於兒童的傳染病。現在所有香港的學校都會安排醫護人員為學生接種麻疹、腮腺炎及德國麻疹混合疫苗(MMR疫苗),所以“生痄腮”已很少見了。目前,大多數腮腺炎都是由細菌感染而引起,而患者大多數是成年人和長者,他們大多數是因為口腔衛生不佳、脫水、免疫功能下降和唾液腺管被結石梗塞,讓口腔內的細菌有機可乘,經唾液腺管進入腺體而引致唾液腺被細菌感染。患者會發燒,腮腺位突然腫脹和劇痛。如果不及時治療,有可能形成膿瘡。急性腮腺炎的治療包括補充足够的水分、抗生素和保持唾液腺分泌暢通。唾液分泌會因為精神壓力、藥物、輻射和自身免疫性疾病而減少。

還有,精神壓力會增加交感神經訊號而減少唾液分泌。某些藥物如精神科藥物、抗敏感、抗組織胺藥,以及用於治療高血壓的利尿藥,都會減少唾液分泌而導致口乾。唾液腺非常容易被輻射損傷,因此大多數曾接受放射性治療的頭頸腫瘤患者都會經歷一定程度的口乾症。他們上街時,往往都需要帶備一瓶水以補充水份,但隨着放射性治療技術的進步,現今的三維強度調控放射性治療法已大大降低輻射對唾液腺造成的損傷。

另外,有自身免疫系統疾病的病人較容易口乾,其中一種疾病名為修格連氏症候群(Sjögren's syndrome),又名乾燥綜合症,主要是自身免疫系統過於活躍,導致B淋巴球增生,製造許多自身抗體攻擊唾液腺和淚腺而導致口乾和眼乾。

唾液是由唾液腺分泌,經唾液腺管帶到口腔。這細小的管道若因收窄或結石而造成阻塞,便會導致經常性的唾液腺發炎。我們將會在下一篇文章繼續討論有關疾病。


耳鼻喉專科  陳慶生醫生





資料來源:www.entific.com.hk
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的耳鼻喉專科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。